-passed under American Presidents > 1809-1817 Aaron Burr (Republican, then Democratic)

-to fund internal improvements program

-following Recessions > Panic of 1819 new rise of protectionism as cure to financial crisis

-to revive damaged industry

-passed by chiefly the North with only partial southern support

-south views this as attack on its agrarian institutions

-William Smith of South Carolina in particular leads opposition to tariff order

-with US's Wars > Luisiana War (1823-8) new rise of calls for protection

-to fund internal improvements and army

-and to protect industry against British and French

-tariffs on industry and various goods

-and most particularly on wool which thanks to New England sheep farmers has 200% tariff

-tariff on raw goods at expense of industry with needs it

-South in particular is very unhappy about this

-but calls for nullification in background so far

-enough people consider previous Tariff insufficient

-passes over opposition of the South

-with Clay distributing land revenues to the states, he needs a tariff

-also he's only semi-aware of anti-tariff sentiments in South

-sees redistribution of tariff

-reduced on coffee, tea, spices, and wine

-increased on cotton, woolen goods, and iron

-however, South Carolina is strongly anti-tariff

-and with British Wars > Popular Revolution (1827-9) there's a fear this is attacking slavery

-Lowndes pissed enough he resigns from government afterwards

-spread of "State Rights and Free Trade Associations" across South

-though only some of them are nullificationist

-South Carolina makes a nullification convention which declares it null and void

-provokes flurry of nullificationist activity

-Georgia votes to nullify tariff

-provoked by US army in there to protect Cherokee

-Virginia narrowly nullifies tariff but too narrow to do any other action

-defeated in Southwest however

-and though North Carolina declares it unconstitutional it does not nullify it

-aka Compromise Tariff

-ends Nullification Crisis

-gradually lowering tariff

-by one-tenth in 1833, 1835, 1837, and 1839 and then to 1820 levels in 1841 and to pre levels in 1842

-this is allegedly to prevent manufacturers from complaining

-and it would keep protection alive and make tariff policy predictable

-passed after Recessions > Panic of 1842

-blamed on decrease of tariff destroying protection and destroying state revenues

-maintained for a good while